CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The extent to which an organization is able to accomplish its objectives largely depends on how employees are motivated. This is because employees are lifeblood of any organization. Every organization regardless its size, reputation, net-worth and line of operation, needs motivated workers to put in their very best, towards the success of such organization. Conversely, de-motivated employees are most likely to discharge their duties lackadaisically, develop cold attitude towards their job and can even resigned, provided they are opportune to get better offer elsewhere (George & Jones, 2008). Motivated workers are contented, dedicated, assiduous and enthusiastic about their job, which automatically produces maximum performance from them, resulting to improved organizational performance in entirety.
Due to the poor economic performance of the nation, many organizations lack adequate financial resources to motivate or reward their employees. The fact that an organization has paucity of funds does not unilaterally mean that employees should not be motivated or rewarded (Gikuya, 2014). There are alternative forms of motivation, attached with zero-financial cost that management of organizations can use to motivate their employees. Gikuya (2014) opines that money and other financial rewards have been hyped as potent tools for motivating employees. Non-monetary forms of motivation have not been fully utilized as effective tools of motivation by management of organizations. Grant (2010) asserts that good flow of communication between employees and management makes employees feel commended that their inputs are well acknowledged and equally makes them feel recognized and valued in the organization. This kind of recognition strengthens their commitment and boosts their morale, consequently paves way for improved performance. Motivational drives can equally be referred to as intrinsic motivation or non-monetary motivation (Pfieffer, 2009; Gikuya, 2014).
Motivational drives are outcomes of motivation that are naturally inherent in the job, which an employee enjoys from the completion of a certain task or accomplishment of specific goals. Motivational drives are psychological motivations, they are not visible, but can be felt. Typical examples of motivational drive include opportunity to use’s one discretion to carry out certain task, promotion, praise and commendations, sense of achievement, recognition, and sense of fair and humane treatment. Motivational drives make employees to be committed to their job to the extent that the job inherently contains tasks that are appealing to them (Akanbi, 2011). The creation of conducive work environment where employees are free to use their initiatives to carry out relevant tasks for which they are greatly commended is an effective strategy to boost their morale and job performance. In recent times, organizations have now designed measures to motivate their staff devoid of any related financial implications. Thus, focus of management as regard staff motivation has moved from financial rewards to non-financial rewards or motivational drives.
The utilization of motivational drives emerged from Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation and Fredrick Herzberg’s two-factor theory (Gikuya, 2014; Amir, 2013). These theories assert that certain factors exist within the organization that makes employees feel motivated. Motivational drives are objective in nature. What a particular employee sees as motivational might not be seen as such by another employee. Motivational drives centers on psychological, cognitive, social and physiological factors. These factors are instrumental to what an employee considers as motivating. Universities in Nigeria, particularly government-owned, are generally known for embarking on industrial actions, whenever their demands are not met. Their decision to embark on strike can be linked to the fact that they are not well-motivated by the management of their respective institutions and government. Most times, these staff under the aegis of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and their non-academic counterparts (NASU) fights good working conditions, which are not necessarily financial-related. As a matter of fact, during their strike actions, they receive their salaries. This clearly indicates that in this present dispensation, employees desire to be motivated intrinsically rather than extrinsically, for improved performance.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Over the years, management of organizations adopts monetary motivational tools to boost the morale and performance of their staff. However, motivational drives or non-monetary motivational tools, due to its abstraction, have not been duly acknowledged as a causative factor of employee performance. With adequate financial rewards in place, employee performance can still dwindle. This implies that there is a limit to which financial reward such as money can propel the performance of employees. To buttress this point, Grant (2010) maintains that people cannot be eternally motivated by money and when employees get used to a particular kind of financial reward, its potency to enhance their performance drops. The low quality of Nigerian university educational system is partly due to the drop in the productivity of staff, which can equally be attributed to low utilization of motivational drives to boost staff productivity. When employees are not given commendation and recognition for a job well done, are not given a sense of belonging, are not given autonomy to make decisions that affects their job, are not provided with opportunities for career progression and personal growth, their job performance declines. As such, it is necessary to identify those motivational drives that greatly motivate employees especially in cashstrapped economy like Nigeria, where money is no longer the principal motivator for employees.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine the relationship between motivational drives and employee performance in selected universities in Ogun State. The study attempts to specifically:
1. Investigate the relationship between achievement and employee performance in selected universities in Ogun State.
2. Examine the relationship between career advancement and employee performance in selected universities in Ogun State. 3. Examine the relationship between autonomy and employee performance in selected universities in Ogun State.
4. Assess the relationship between personal growth and employee performance in selected universities in Ogun State.
5. Evaluate the relationship between recognition and employee performance in selected universities in Ogun State.
6. Examine the relationship between nature of work and employee performance in selected universities in Ogun State.
1.4 Research Questions
The questions of interest to the study are:
1. What is the relationship between achievement and performance of employees in selected universities in Ogun State?
2. What is the relationship between career advancement and performance of employees in selected universities in Ogun State?
3. What is the relationship between autonomy and performance of employees in selected universities in Ogun State?
4. What is the relationship between personal growth and performance of employees in selected universities in Ogun State?
5. What is the relationship between recognition and performance of employees in selected universities in Ogun State?
6. What is the relationship between nature of work and performance of employees in selected universities in Ogun State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The hypotheses guiding the study are stated as follows:
1. H01 : There is no significant relationship between achievement and performance of employees in selected universities in Nigeria.
2. H02 : There is no significant relationship between career advancement and performance of employees in selected universities in Nigeria.
3. H03 : There is no significant relationship between autonomy and performance of employees in selected universities in Nigeria.
4. H04 : There is no significant relationship between personal growth and performance of employees in selected universities in Nigeria.
5. H05 : There is no significant relationship between recognition and performance of employees in selected universities in Nigeria.
6. H06 : There is no significant relationship between nature of work and performance of employees in selected universities in Nigeria.
1.6 Operationalization of Variables
The dependent variable is employee performance while the independent variable is motivational drives. Motivational drives is represented by six (6) sub-variables namely achievement, career advancement, autonomy, personal growth, recognition and nature of work.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study investigates the relationship between motivational drives and performance of employees in selected universities in Ogun State. Staff, both academic and non-academic, of the selected universities constitutes the population of the study. The study adopts the purposive sampling technique to select three universities in Ogun State – private (Crawford University); state (Olabisi Onabanjo University) and federal (Federal University of Agriculture). The universities were selected in order to capture the main types of university in Ogun State in particular and Nigeria in general, based on status of establishment whether federal, state or private. Non-academic staff and academic staff of selected universities constitute the population of the study. The sample size of the study consists of 477 staff after applying the Taro-Yamane sample size determination formula and taking attrition into consideration. The simple random sampling technique is utilized to select sample for the study.
1.8 Significance of the Study
The study will be of special significance to management of universities, industry, government and society. The study will educate management of selected universities on the need to attach importance to motivational drives, as tools for boosting the morale of their staff for better performance. Other universities in Nigeria will find this study worthwhile as it will help them design policies on how to use motivational drives to boost the performance of their staff. Government will equally find this study useful as it enlightens them on the need to utilize motivational drives along with other forms of financial rewards to boost the morale of civil servants. This will go a long way to reduce occurrences of industrial actions initiated by labour congress and trade union. The academic society – students and researchers will find this study relevant as it serves as an embodiment of reserved knowledge on the subject matter that can be consulted by them during the course of their future research undertakings.
1.9 Definitions of Operational Terms
Motivation: This refers to the forces, internal or external to a person that arouses enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a course of action (Luthan, 2007).
Motivational Drives: These refer to those invisible factors that affect the morale of employees. Motivational drives cannot be seen, but are felt. Examples of motivational drives are autonomy, responsibility, recognition, career development, achievement and personal growth (Luthan, 2007).
Performance: This refers to outcomes of work that provides the strongest linkages of strategic goals of the organization (Lisa, 2014).
Employee: A person who is hired to perform a job (Oxford Advanced Dictionary).
Achievement: This refers to the things an employee did in a job which yielded positive impact and contributed to the growth of an organization. Achievement centers on the tangible contributions of an employee in an organization (Gikuya, 2014).
Autonomy: This implies that employees are allowed to set their own schedules in an organization. In another sense, autonomy means employee can decide how their work should be done. It equally refers to the level of freedom and discretion extended to an employee over his job (Zameer, Nisan & Amir, 2014).
Career Advancement: This refers to the progress of an employee on his job or career. For instance, an employee can advance in a single occupation by moving up from an entry-level position to a managerial position. Career advancement comes after an employee gains experience, completes additional training, earns a degree or receives a certification (Boameh, 2014).
Recognition: This refers to a timely, informal or formal acknowledgement of employee’s behavior and efforts that enhance the goals and values of an organization, and which has clearly been beyond normal expectations (Gikuya, 2014).
Personal Development: This covers activities that enhance the awareness and identity, develop talents and potentials, build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance the quality of life and contribute to the actualization of dreams and objectives of an employee (Boameh, 2014).
Nature of Work: This refers to the type of things an employer does, the circumstances of the work, scope of work and description of work (Murisha, 2011).